Second Semester Review for BioChemistry
  1. Explain the relationship among atoms, molecules, elements and compounds.
  2. Describe the types of chemical bonds.
  3. Explain the pH scale and its use.
  4. Relate the characteristics and functions of the four classes of macromolecules.
  5. Explain how enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
  6. Describe the factors that influence enzyme activity.
  7. Describe why nucleic acids are important to inheritance.
  8. Discuss why organisms need energy and how they obtain it.
  9. Describe the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
  10. Summarize the importance of ATP in cellular energy transfer.
  11. Describe the fossil record for prokaryotes and for eukaryotes.
  12. State the importance of photosynthesis and identify the plant structures.
  13. Identify the steps by which light energy is converted to chemical energy during the light reaction.
  14. Discuss the importance of the Calvin cycle.
  15. Describe how environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis.
  16. Describe adaptations that combat environmental factors and photorespiration.
  17. Relate the processes of metabolism and cellular respiration.
  18. Distinguish among the three hydrogen carrier molecules and their functions.
  19. Describe the three stages of cellular respiration and how they are related.
  20. Identify the products of glycolysis.
  21. Compare the ATP production of aerobic respiration and fermentation.
  22. Discuss the importance of oxygen to the electron transport chain.
  23. Explain the central role of the Krebs cycle in metabolism.
  24. Explain the connection between DNA and RNA in protein synthesis.
  25. Explain the reasoning that led to the discovery of the triplet base code.
  26. Identify the stages of transcription.
  27. Summarize the events that occur in RNA processing.
  28. Describe the stages of translation.
  29. Infer the consequences of RNA translation errors.
  30. Describe the charging of tRNA.
  31. Explain how proteins are transported out of the cytoplasm.
  32. Discuss the influence of hormones on male and female reproductive systems.
  33. Discuss cloning of genetic engineered material.
  34. What is the advantage of using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP analysis) in forensic medicine?
  35. Why do forensic scientists use PCR?
  36. Describe how to do a Southern blot and do Sanger sequencing.
  37. What is the human genome project?  Why is it of interest do medical doctors?
  38. Compare and contrast digestion in unicellular and multicellular organisms.
  39. Summarize the events of carbohydrate, protein, and fat  digestion in human nutrition.
  40. Discuss the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in nutrition.
  41. Summarize the adaptations made by plants to life on land.
  42. Compare the structure and function of xylem and phloem tissues.
  43. Describe the advantages offered by a closed circulatory system.
  44. Name the constituents of blood and describe the function of each.
  45. Explain how the circulatory system functions in homeostasis.
  46. Distinguish between specific and nonspecific immune response.
  47. Differentiate between macrophages, T helper cells, B cells and killer T cells.
  48. Describe how antibody diversity is achieved.
  49. Explain the relationship between antigens and antibody proteins.
  50. List different malfunctions of the immune system.
  51. Compare gas exchange systems in aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
  52. Describe oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in humans.
  53. Explain how various organisms are adapted to maintain water balance while processing nitrogenous wastes.
  54. Relate the structure of the human nephron to its function.
  55. Discuss hormonal control of nephron function.
  56. Describe the parts of a typical neuron.
  57. Distinguish among the three major types of neurons.
  58. Distinguish among the three major types of neurons.
  59. Describe how impulses are transmitted.
  60. Describe the function of neurotransmitters and how drugs interact with them.
  61. Discuss the three trends that characterize vertebrate brain evolution.
  62. Compare the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
  63. Describe the factors influencing hormonal action on a target organ.
  64. Explain how negative feedback systems operate in the hormonal control of blood composition.
  65. Describe the interactions of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
  66. Distinguish between protein and steroid based hormones.
  67. Contrast types of movement in single cells and multicellular organisms.
  68. Relate the adaptive value of hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and endoskeletons to the way in which an organism lives.
  69. Distinguish between the two types of human bone and describe how each is adapted to a specific function.
  70. Explain the role of cartilage in the growth and function of the human skeleton.
  71. Describe the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue in humans.
  72. Summarize the events that occur in the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.